Transliteration according to the Presidential Decree of 19 February 2018.
Regions
The population of the regions (oblasts) of Kazakhstan according to census results and latest official estimates.
The space base of Baikonur is under Russian administration until the year 2050.
| Name | Abbr. | Status | Native | Capital | Area A (km²) | Population Census (C) 1979-01-17 | Population Census (C) 1989-01-12 | Population Census (C) 1999-02-14 | Population Census (C) 2009-02-25 | Population Census (C) 2021-10-01 | Population Estimate (E) 2023-01-01 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | Rep | Қазақстан | Astana | 2,724,900 | 14,709,508 | 16,222,324 | 14,981,281 | 16,009,597 | 19,186,015 | 19,766,807 | → | ||
| Abaı [Abai] | ABA | Reg | Абай | Semeı | 185,500 | 763,870 | 829,937 | 693,753 | 654,421 | 610,046 | 610,205 | 18550000 | → | |
| Almaty | AAO | Reg | Алматы | Qonaev | 105,100 | 850,749 | 978,184 | 890,000 | 1,103,237 | 1,453,778 | 1,505,968 | 10510000 | → | |
| Almaty Qalasy | AAK | City | Алматы қаласы | Almaty | 682 | 957,889 | 1,131,963 | 1,180,000 | 1,449,696 | 2,030,285 | 2,161,797 | 68200 | → | |
| Aqmola [Akmola] | AQM | Reg | Ақмола | Kókshetaý | 146,100 | 983,710 | 1,053,297 | 827,254 | 737,495 | 782,995 | 788,023 | 14610000 | → | |
| Aqtóbe [Aktobe] | AQT | Reg | Ақтөбе | Aqtóbe | 300,600 | 630,383 | 732,653 | 682,558 | 757,768 | 906,220 | 928,161 | 30060000 | → | |
| Astana Qalasy (Nur-Sultan) | AST | City | Астана қаласы | Astana | 797 | 238,895 | 289,210 | 328,341 | 613,006 | 1,234,042 | 1,354,507 | 79700 | → | |
| Atyraý [Atyrau] | ATY | Reg | Атырау | Atyraý | 118,600 | 373,706 | 424,708 | 440,286 | 510,377 | 673,601 | 693,085 | 11860000 | → | |
| Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] | BQA | Reg | Батыс Қазақстан | Oral | 151,300 | 585,501 | 629,494 | 616,800 | 598,880 | 675,655 | 688,129 | 15130000 | → | |
| Jambyl | ZHA | Reg | Жамбыл | Taraz | 144,300 | 929,983 | 1,038,667 | 988,840 | 1,022,129 | 1,199,259 | 1,218,170 | 14430000 | → | |
| Jetisu | JET | Reg | Жетісу | Taldyqorǵan | 118,500 | 664,058 | 720,870 | 617,398 | 620,593 | 692,798 | 698,729 | 11850000 | → | |
| Mańǵystaý [Mangystau] | MAN | Reg | Маңғыстау | Aqtaý | 165,600 | 248,842 | 324,243 | 314,669 | 485,392 | 735,008 | 767,107 | 16560000 | → | |
| Pavlodar | PAV | Reg | Павлодар | Pavlodar | 124,800 | 807,224 | 942,313 | 806,983 | 742,475 | 756,755 | 754,949 | 12480000 | → | |
| Qaraǵandy [Karaganda] | QAR | Reg | Қарағанды | Qaraǵandy | 239,100 | 1,459,010 | 1,557,094 | 1,171,924 | 1,118,036 | 1,128,308 | 1,134,854 | 23910000 | → | |
| Qostanaı [Kostanay] | QOS | Reg | Қостанай | Qostanaı | 196,000 | 1,087,519 | 1,222,674 | 1,017,108 | 885,570 | 833,643 | 832,237 | 19600000 | → | |
| Qyzylorda [Kyzylorda] | QYZ | Reg | Қызылорда | Qyzylorda | 226,000 | 589,711 | 602,031 | 624,991 | 678,794 | 814,931 | 833,676 | 22600000 | → | |
| Shyǵys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] | SHQ | Reg | Шығыс Қазақстан | Óskemen | 97,700 | 882,169 | 941,832 | 837,271 | 742,172 | 731,246 | 730,236 | 9770000 | → | |
| Shymkent Qalasy | SMK | City | Шымкент қаласы | Shymkent | 1,163 | ... | ... | 510,000 | 730,873 | 1,112,478 | 1,192,120 | 116300 | → | |
| Soltústik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] | SQA | Reg | Солтүстік Қазақстан | Petropavl | 98,000 | 884,345 | 912,065 | 725,980 | 596,535 | 540,786 | 534,108 | 9800000 | → | |
| Túrkistan [Turkistan] | TUR | Reg | Түркістан | Túrkistan | 116,100 | ... | ... | 1,470,000 | 1,738,484 | 2,054,021 | 2,119,320 | 11610000 | → | |
| Ulytau | ULY | Reg | Ұлытау | Jezqazǵan | 188,900 | 256,492 | 291,063 | 238,294 | 223,664 | 220,160 | 221,426 | 18890000 | → |
- The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Major Cities
| Name | Adm. | Population Estimate (E) 2023-01-01 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Almaty | AAK | 2,161,797 |
| 2 | Astana | AST | 1,354,507 |
| 3 | Shymkent | SMK | 1,192,120 |
| 4 | Aqtóbe | AQT | 559,911 |
| 5 | Qaraǵandy | QAR | 515,632 |
| 6 | Taraz | ZHA | 427,356 |
| 7 | Óskemen | SHQ | 352,894 |
| 8 | Pavlodar | PAV | 334,096 |
| 9 | Atyraý | ATY | 316,468 |
| 10 | Semeı | ABA | 308,143 |
Contents: Cities & Settlements
The population of all Kazakh cities, urban and rural settlements with more than 20,000 inhabitants according to census results and latest official estimates.
| Name | Status | Native | Adm. | Population Census (C) 1979-01-17 | Population Census (C) 1989-01-12 | Population Census (C) 1999-02-14 | Population Census (C) 2009-02-25 | Population Census (C) 2021-10-01 | Population Estimate (E) 2023-01-01 | Area | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaı [Abay] | Vill | Абай | TUR | ... | ... | 15,454 | 17,700 | 23,510 | 24,062 | 0 | ||
| Abaı [Abay] | City | Абай | QAR | 39,387 | 46,533 | 33,066 | 25,550 | 28,602 | 28,579 | 0 | ||
| Áıteke Bı (Novokazalinsk) | Sett | Әйтеке би | QYZ | 41,565 | 32,059 | 33,441 | 38,046 | 44,502 | 45,674 | 0 | ||
| Ajagóz [Ayagoz] | City | Аягөз | ABA | 38,969 | 42,729 | 38,470 | 37,537 | 42,351 | 42,268 | 0 | ||
| Alǵa | City | Алға | AQT | 16,420 | 17,910 | 15,372 | 19,705 | 22,446 | 22,740 | 0 | ||
| Almaty [Alma-Ata] | City | Алматы | AAK | 909,644 | 1,127,884 | 1,180,000 | 1,723,830 | 2,146,576 | 2,161,797 | 0 | → | |
| Altaı (Zyrjanovsk) | City | Алтай | SHQ | 51,132 | 52,838 | 43,894 | 39,320 | 36,360 | 36,122 | 0 | ||
| Aqsaı [Aksay] | City | Ақсай | BQA | 10,400 | 18,237 | 28,953 | 32,873 | 36,293 | 36,357 | 0 | ||
| Aqsý [Aksu] | City | Ақсу | PAV | 41,572 | 47,067 | 42,264 | 45,210 | 51,866 | 51,623 | 0 | ||
| Aqsý (Aqsýkent) [Aksu, Aksukent] | Vill | Ақсу | TUR | ... | ... | 23,620 | 29,541 | 32,896 | 34,114 | 0 | ||
| Aqtaý (Ševcenko) [Aktau] | City | Ақтау | MAN | 110,575 | 159,245 | 143,396 | 166,962 | 251,855 | 263,893 | 0 | ||
| Aqtóbe (Akt'ubinsk) [Aktobe] | City | Ақтөбе | AQT | 190,569 | 253,532 | 253,088 | 391,669 | 540,493 | 559,911 | 0 | ||
| Aral | City | Арал | QYZ | 32,087 | 30,801 | 30,347 | 29,987 | 36,004 | 36,956 | 0 | ||
| Arqalyq (Arkalyk) [Arkalyk] | City | Арқалық | QOS | 47,963 | 62,367 | 45,736 | 28,169 | 29,589 | 28,910 | 0 | ||
| Arys | City | Арыс | TUR | 27,995 | 33,523 | 34,143 | 38,425 | 50,370 | 51,996 | 0 | ||
| Astana (Nur-Sultan, Celinograd, Aqmola) | City | Астана | AST | 233,638 | 277,365 | 328,341 | 613,006 | 1,234,042 | 1,354,507 | 0 | → | |
| Atameken | Vill | Атамекен | MAN | ... | ... | ... | 22,428 | 29,294 | ... | 0 | ||
| Atbasar | City | Атбасар | AQM | 36,250 | 39,163 | 32,288 | 30,436 | 31,434 | 31,090 | 0 | ||
| Atyraý (Gurjev) | City | Атырау | ATY | 130,916 | 149,261 | 143,184 | 214,129 | 306,548 | 316,468 | 0 | ||
| Baıqońyr (Bajkonyr, Leninsk) [Baikonur] | City | Байқоңыр / Байконыр | QYZ | ... | ... | 28,776 | 36,175 | 34,295 | 34,600 | 0 | → | |
| Baıserke | Vill | Байсерке | AAO | ... | ... | 8,673 | 15,124 | 26,338 | ... | 0 | ||
| Balqash (Balchaš) [Balkhash] | City | Балқаш | QAR | 78,145 | 86,609 | 65,431 | 68,833 | 73,785 | 73,730 | 0 | ||
| Basqudyq | Vill | Басқұдық | MAN | ... | ... | ... | 14,215 | 31,534 | ... | 0 | ||
| Beıneý [Beyneu] | Vill | Бейнеу | MAN | ... | ... | 14,299 | 32,452 | 55,842 | 57,682 | 0 | ||
| Boraldaı [Boralday] | Sett | Боралдай | AAO | 12,972 | 21,014 | 18,999 | 25,676 | 35,863 | ... | 0 | ||
| Derqul [Derkul] | Sett | Дерқұл | BQA | 7,376 | 8,385 | 8,606 | 9,786 | 28,407 | 29,348 | 0 | ||
| Ekibastuz | City | Екібастұз | PAV | 65,871 | 134,627 | 127,197 | 125,012 | 129,748 | 129,000 | 0 | ||
| Esik | City | Есік | AAO | 25,209 | 26,955 | 31,254 | 34,355 | 41,018 | 41,342 | 0 | ||
| Eski Iqan | Vill | Ескі Иқан | TUR | ... | ... | 11,277 | 14,294 | 20,885 | ... | 0 | ||
| Hromtaý | City | Хромтау | AQT | 17,917 | 24,438 | 21,740 | 24,089 | 29,579 | 29,985 | 0 | ||
| Jańaózen (Novyj Uzen') [Zhanaozen] | City | Жаңаөзен | MAN | 34,389 | 48,339 | 48,871 | 75,189 | 72,425 | 74,360 | 0 | ||
| Jańaqorǵan [Zhanakorgan] | Vill | Жаңақорған | QYZ | 16,835 | 18,939 | 20,708 | 22,716 | 31,910 | 32,952 | 0 | ||
| Jańatas [Zhanatas] | City | Жаңатас | ZHA | 30,097 | 53,401 | 25,927 | 20,731 | 25,018 | 25,591 | 0 | ||
| Jarkent (Panfilov) [Zharkent] | City | Жаркент | JET | 23,997 | 31,106 | 32,656 | 39,731 | 52,361 | 52,819 | 0 | ||
| Jetigen [Zhetigen] | Vill | Жетіген | AAO | ... | ... | 13,103 | 15,616 | 20,418 | ... | 0 | ||
| Jetisaı [Zhetisay] | City | Жетісай | TUR | 27,130 | 27,807 | 30,487 | 36,494 | 44,105 | 45,134 | 0 | ||
| Jezqazǵan (Dzezkazgan) [Jezkazgan] | City | Жезқазған | ULY | 89,403 | 108,821 | 90,001 | 86,227 | 88,320 | 89,092 | 0 | ||
| Jibek Joly [Zhibek Zholy] | Vill | Жібек Жолы | AAO | ... | ... | 8,923 | 15,163 | 30,124 | ... | 0 | ||
| Jitiqara [Zhetikara] | City | Жітіқара | QOS | 39,422 | 48,204 | 36,359 | 33,587 | 34,880 | 35,302 | 0 | ||
| Josaly [Zhosaly] | Vill | Жосалы | QYZ | 23,518 | 19,509 | 18,997 | 19,005 | 20,182 | 20,256 | 0 | ||
| Kentaý | City | Кентау | TUR | 62,991 | 64,228 | 55,521 | 57,121 | 72,573 | 74,474 | 0 | ||
| Kókshetaý (Kokčetav) [Kokshetau] | City | Көкшетау | AQM | 103,162 | 136,757 | 123,389 | 135,106 | 171,630 | 174,614 | 0 | ||
| Leńgir [Lenger] | City | Леңгір | TUR | 22,047 | 21,716 | 22,038 | 24,642 | 32,622 | 33,856 | 0 | ||
| Lısakov (Lisakovsk) | City | Лисаков | QOS | 24,602 | 33,134 | 35,161 | 36,622 | 31,748 | 31,185 | 0 | ||
| Makınsk | City | Макинск | AQM | 21,911 | 23,312 | 18,540 | 16,745 | 18,098 | 18,105 | 0 | ||
| Mańǵystaý | Vill | Маңғыстау | MAN | ... | ... | 12,433 | 14,818 | 33,141 | 34,705 | 0 | ||
| Mankent | Vill | Манкент | TUR | ... | ... | 19,137 | 25,058 | 30,135 | ... | 0 | ||
| Muhametjan Týımebaev | Vill | Мұхаметжан Түймебаев | AAO | ... | ... | 6,541 | 10,312 | 20,781 | ... | 0 | ||
| Oral (Ural'sk) | City | Орал | BQA | 167,352 | 199,835 | 194,905 | 202,161 | 247,467 | 253,773 | 0 | ||
| Óskemen (Ust'-Kamenogorsk) | City | Өскемен | SHQ | 274,287 | 324,478 | 310,950 | 303,720 | 349,463 | 352,894 | 0 | ||
| Ótegen Batyr (Ênergetičeskij) | Sett | Өтеген батыр | AAO | 11,773 | 16,663 | 17,301 | 20,163 | 31,675 | 32,445 | 0 | ||
| Pavlodar | City | Павлодар | PAV | 272,895 | 330,748 | 300,503 | 317,289 | 333,190 | 334,096 | 0 | ||
| Petropavl (Petropavlovsk) | City | Петропавл | SQA | 206,559 | 241,360 | 203,523 | 202,454 | 222,636 | 222,076 | 0 | ||
| Qandyaǵash (Oktjabr'sk) [Kandyagash] | City | Қандыағаш | AQT | 11,047 | 26,691 | 25,553 | 29,169 | 34,898 | 35,393 | 0 | ||
| Qarabulaq [Karabulak] | Vill | Қарабұлақ | JET | 20,448 | 19,088 | 14,873 | 16,037 | 19,561 | 19,746 | 0 | ||
| Qarabulaq | Vill | Қарабұлақ | TUR | ... | ... | 28,669 | 35,301 | 51,561 | ... | 0 | ||
| Qaraǵandy (Karaganda) | City | Қарағанды | QAR | 571,877 | 613,797 | 436,864 | 459,778 | 508,824 | 515,632 | 0 | ||
| Qarataý [Karatau] | City | Қаратау | ZHA | 30,908 | 41,825 | 28,281 | 26,639 | 28,045 | 28,501 | 0 | ||
| Qarǵaly [Karagayly] | Vill | Қарғалы | AAO | 13,767 | 16,468 | 17,501 | 20,114 | 30,999 | ... | 0 | ||
| Qaskeleń [Kaskelen] | City | Қаскелең | AAO | 26,850 | 30,870 | 37,221 | 58,418 | 79,482 | 82,393 | 0 | ||
| Qazyǵurt | Vill | Қазығұрт | TUR | 7,746 | 12,435 | 13,264 | 19,210 | 26,283 | 27,112 | 0 | ||
| Qonaev (Qapshaǵaı) [Qonayev] | City | Қонаев | AAO | 25,629 | 38,300 | 33,428 | 39,855 | 54,245 | 55,200 | 0 | ||
| Qordaı [Korday] | Vill | Қордай | ZHA | ... | ... | 24,854 | 27,443 | 38,012 | 38,968 | 0 | ||
| Qosshy | City | Қосшы | AQM | ... | 2,196 | 1,742 | 4,899 | 48,630 | 51,664 | 0 | ||
| Qostanaı (Kustanaj) [Kostanay] | City | Қостанай | QOS | 164,500 | 224,598 | 222,816 | 214,961 | 258,990 | 264,466 | 0 | → | |
| Qulan [Kulan] | Vill | Құлан | ZHA | ... | ... | 12,294 | 15,380 | 18,572 | 18,699 | 0 | ||
| Qulsary [Kulsary] | City | Құлсары | ATY | 19,731 | 32,652 | 38,518 | 51,097 | 64,458 | 65,963 | 0 | ||
| Qyzylorda (Kzyl-Orda) [Kyzylorda] | City | Қызылорда | QYZ | 156,128 | 151,791 | 157,364 | 188,682 | 271,309 | 278,638 | 0 | ||
| Qyzyltóbe | Vill | Қызылтөбе | MAN | ... | ... | ... | 15,157 | 25,188 | ... | 0 | ||
| Rahat | Vill | Рахат | MAN | ... | ... | ... | 15,730 | 35,468 | ... | 0 | ||
| Rıdder (Leninogorsk) | City | Риддер | SHQ | 68,135 | 68,706 | 56,269 | 50,500 | 45,859 | 45,519 | 0 | ||
| Rýdnyj [Rudniy] | City | Рудный | QOS | 109,707 | 124,300 | 109,515 | 109,659 | 112,052 | 112,078 | 0 | ||
| Saran | City | Саран | QAR | 54,878 | 63,624 | 42,957 | 42,058 | 33,699 | 34,645 | 0 | ||
| Sarqant [Sarkand] | City | Сарқант | JET | 19,751 | 20,913 | 15,347 | 14,305 | 17,907 | 18,014 | 0 | ||
| Saryaǵash [Saryag'ash] | City | Сарыағаш | TUR | 22,228 | 28,739 | 25,914 | 40,280 | 59,606 | 61,485 | 0 | ||
| Sarykemer | Vill | Сарыкемер | ZHA | ... | ... | 15,563 | 24,314 | 32,043 | 32,672 | 0 | ||
| Sátbaev (Nikol'skij, Satpajev) [Satpayev] | City | Сәтбаев | ULY | 48,865 | 58,717 | 58,652 | 60,105 | 67,456 | 68,395 | 0 | ||
| Ščýchınsk (Shchoche) [Shuchinsk] | City | Щучинск | AQM | 47,948 | 55,539 | 45,254 | 44,106 | 46,744 | 47,618 | 0 | ||
| Semeı (Semipalatinsk) [Semey] | City | Семей | ABA | 282,574 | 334,402 | 269,574 | 299,264 | 303,210 | 308,143 | 0 | ||
| Shahtınsk [Shahtinsk] | City | Шахтинск | QAR | 50,382 | 64,862 | 41,602 | 35,997 | 38,923 | 39,188 | 0 | ||
| Shalqar [Shalkar] | City | Шалқар | AQT | 22,150 | 28,899 | 26,329 | 26,574 | 27,833 | 28,024 | 0 | ||
| Shamalgan [Ushkonyr] | Vill | Шамалған | AAO | ... | ... | 10,013 | 13,616 | 28,644 | ... | 0 | ||
| Shardara [Shardara] | City | Шардара | TUR | 20,481 | 25,629 | 25,452 | 30,573 | 31,431 | 32,101 | 0 | ||
| Shelek | Vill | Шелек | AAO | ... | ... | 22,703 | 26,688 | 29,032 | ... | 0 | ||
| Shemonaıha [Shemonaikha] | City | Шемонайха | SHQ | 22,612 | 23,607 | 19,924 | 19,127 | 18,448 | 18,573 | 0 | ||
| Shıeli [Shieli] | Vill | Шиелі | QYZ | 25,722 | 28,484 | 28,621 | 29,632 | 35,972 | 36,898 | 0 | ||
| Sholaqqorǵan [Sholakkorgan] | Vill | Шолаққорған | TUR | ... | ... | 8,727 | 7,934 | 19,090 | 19,673 | 0 | ||
| Shonja [Chundzha] | Vill | Шонжа | AAO | ... | ... | 20,095 | 18,004 | 22,055 | 22,480 | 0 | ||
| Shubarsý | Vill | Шұбарсу | TUR | ... | ... | ... | 16,350 | 32,390 | ... | 0 | ||
| Shý [Shu] | City | Шу | ZHA | 33,393 | 37,395 | 34,999 | 36,531 | 44,814 | 45,462 | 0 | ||
| Shymkent | City | Шымкент | SMK | 321,535 | 392,977 | 510,000 | 730,873 | 1,112,478 | 1,192,120 | 0 | → | |
| Stepnogor [Stepnogorsk] | City | Степногор | AQM | 45,794 | ... | 47,372 | 46,712 | 48,894 | 49,599 | 0 | ||
| Taldyqorǵan (Taldy-Kurgan) [Taldykorgan] | City | Талдықорған | JET | 87,948 | 119,149 | 97,996 | 124,223 | 165,325 | 168,686 | 0 | ||
| Talǵar | City | Талғар | AAO | 36,952 | 43,645 | 43,353 | 45,529 | 63,883 | 64,895 | 0 | ||
| Taraz (Dzambul, Auliye-Ata) | City | Тараз | ZHA | 263,793 | 306,715 | 330,125 | 331,925 | 418,368 | 427,356 | 0 | → | |
| Tasbóget | Sett | Тасбөгет | QYZ | 12,377 | 15,369 | 16,922 | 18,875 | 27,590 | 28,710 | 0 | ||
| Tekeli | City | Текелі | JET | 28,536 | 31,428 | 23,982 | 26,062 | 29,253 | 30,324 | 0 | ||
| Temirlan | Vill | Темірлан | TUR | ... | ... | 11,554 | 12,495 | 17,796 | 18,354 | 0 | ||
| Temirtaý | City | Теміртау | QAR | 213,026 | 212,382 | 170,481 | 169,590 | 171,019 | 171,893 | 0 | ||
| Tobyl (Zatobol) | City | Тобыл | QOS | 16,736 | 20,274 | 20,117 | 22,908 | 28,251 | 28,457 | 0 | ||
| Tóle Bı | Vill | Төле би | ZHA | ... | ... | 17,860 | 19,000 | 19,771 | 19,947 | 0 | ||
| Turar Rysqulov | Vill | Тұрар Рысқұлов | TUR | 13,330 | 15,101 | 15,182 | 17,311 | 24,748 | 25,625 | 0 | ||
| Túrkistan [Turkestan] | City | Түркістан | TUR | 66,741 | 78,285 | 102,505 | 142,899 | 207,605 | 220,159 | 0 | ||
| Tuzdybastaý | Vill | Тұздыбастау | AAO | ... | ... | 9,182 | 12,577 | 21,693 | ... | 0 | ||
| Úsharal | City | Үшарал | JET | 18,567 | 17,908 | 15,379 | 17,157 | 21,122 | 21,199 | 0 | ||
| Úshtóbe [Ushtobe] | City | Үштөбе | JET | 24,546 | 26,028 | 22,472 | 24,895 | 19,744 | 19,533 | 0 | ||
| Uzynaǵash [Uzynagash] | Vill | Ұзынағаш | AAO | ... | ... | 23,887 | 30,585 | 46,159 | 47,818 | 0 | ||
| Zachagansk | Sett | Зачаганск | BQA | 10,364 | 12,090 | 12,906 | 27,065 | 58,356 | 61,224 | 0 | ||
| Zaısan [Zaysan] | City | Зайсан | SHQ | 14,374 | 16,970 | 16,021 | 14,416 | 18,430 | 18,515 | 0 |
- (1979) Institute of Geography, Moscow (web).
(1989) Demoscope Weekly (web).
(1999) (2009) (2023) The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan.